Documentation

The atomic line list is a compilation of approximately 1.76 million allowed and forbidden atomic transitions in the range from 0.5 Å to 1000 µm.

Allowed electric dipole transitions, as well as forbidden magnetic dipole/quadrupole and electric quadrupole/octopole transitions are compiled for all ionization stages of all elements included in the list, provided level data are available.

Intercombination lines are compiled for the same ions, provided that the ground state of that ion has at least one electron in the 2p shell or Z > 10. However, intercombination lines originating from the ground term are always included.

The wavelengths in this list are all calculated from the difference between the energy of the upper and lower level of the transition (except for hydrogenic lines which are a weighted average of the fine-structure components, calculated using ab initio theory taken from Mohr, Taylor, & Newell, 2008, Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 633). Only a very limited attempt has been made to combine these calculations with observed wavelengths.

Constructing this web page would be impossible without the continued efforts of many people generating the energy level and transition probability data, and making them publicly available. Please consider acknowledging this effort by citing the original source(s) of the data as well!

The information for the energy levels was taken from various sources listed below.

	1 -	NIST Atomic Spectra Database
	2 -	Kelly R.L., 1987, Atomic and Ionic Spectrum Lines below 2000 Angstroms, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 16, Suppl. No. 1
	3 -	Bashkin S., Stoner J.O. (Jr.), 1975, Atomic Energy Levels and Grotrian Diagrams, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam
	4 -	Moore C.E., 1949, Atomic Energy Levels, Circular of the National Bureau of Standards 467
	5 -	Martin W.C., 1987, Phys. Rev. A, 36, 3575
	6 -	Raassen A.J.J. et al., 1992, A&AS 95, 223
	7 -	Mohr P.J., Taylor B.N., Newell D.B., 2008, Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 633 (section IV.A)
	8 -	Persson W., Wahlström C.-G., Joensson L., Di Rocco H.O., 1991, Phys. Rev. A, 43, 4791
	9 -	Johansson I., 1959, Ark. Fys. 15, 169
	10 -	Johansson L., 1961, Ark. Fys. 20, 489
	11 -	Crossley R., 1984, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1, 266
	12 -	Löfstrand B., 1973, Physica Scripta 8, 57
	13 -	Eidelsberg M., 1974, J. Phys. B 7, 1476
	14 -	Ölme A., 1969, Ark. Fys. 40, 35
	15 -	Ölme A., 1970, Physica Scripta 1, 256
	16 -	Odintzova G.A., Striganov A.R., 1979, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 63
	17 -	Liden K., 1949, Ark. Fys. 1, 229
	18 -	Palenius H.P., 1969, Ark. Fys. 39, 15
	19 -	Palenius H.P., 1970, Physica Scripta 1, 113
	20 -	Engström L., 1985, Physica Scripta 31, 379
	21 -	Engström L., 1985, Physica Scripta 29, 113
	22 -	Drake G.W., 1988, Can. J. Phys. 66, 586
	23 -	Chang E.S., Schoenfeld W.G., Biemont E., Quinet P., Palmeri P., 1994, Physica Scripta 49, 26
	24 -	Kaufman V., Minnhagen L., 1972, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 92
	25 -	Persson W., 1971, Physica Scripta 3, 133
	26 -	Goldsmith S., Kaufman A.S., 1963, Proc. Phys. Soc. 81, 544
	27 -	Hermansdorfer H., 1972, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 62, 1149
	28 -	Accad Y., Pekeris C.L., Schiff B., 1971, Phys. Rev. A 4, 516
	29 -	Feuchtgruber H., Lutz D., Beintema D.A. et al., 1997, ApJ 487, 962
	30 -	Eriksson K.B.S., 1983, Physica Scripta 28, 593
	31 -	Engström L., Bengtsson P., Jupén C., Westerlind M., 1992, J. Phys. B 25, 2459
	32 -	Verner D.A., Verner E.M., Ferland G.J., 1996, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 64, 1
	33 -	Brown R.T., 1968, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 4698
	34 -	Brown R.T., 1969, ApJ 158, 829
	35 -	Vainshtein L.A., Safronova U.I., 1985, Physica Scripta 31, 519
	36 -	Malvezzi A.M., 1983, Physica Scripta 27, 413
	37 -	Isler R.C., Jupén C., Martinson I., 1993, Physica Scripta 47, 32
	38 -	Mannervik S., Cederquist H., 1983, Physica Scripta 27, 175
	39 -	Pettersson S.-G., 1982, Physica Scripta 26, 296
	40 -	Moore C.E., 1965-1983, NSRDS-NBS 3, Section 1-11
	41 -	Kramida A.E., Traebert E., 1995, Physica Scripta 51, 209
	42 -	Khardi S., Buchet-Poulizac M.C., Buchet J.P. et al., 1994, Physica Scripta 49, 571
	43 -	Ekberg J.O., Smitt R., Skogval B., Borgström A., 1990, Physica Scripta 41, 217
	44 -	van het Hof G.J., Ekberg J.O., Nilsson A.E., 1990, Physica Scripta 41, 252
	45 -	Tunklev M., Engström L., Jupén C., Kink I., 1997, Physica Scripta 55, 707
	46 -	Kink I., Engström L., 1997, Physica Scripta 56, 31
	47 -	Edlén B., 1983, Physica Scripta 28, 51
	48 -	Jupén C., Engström L., 1997, Physica Scripta 56, 592
	49 -	Wang M., Arnesen A., Heijkenskjöld F., Hallin R., 1997, Physica Scripta 56, 609
	50 -	Kramida A.E., 1998, Physica Scripta 57, 66
	51 -	Bastin T., Biemont E., Dumont P.D., Garnir H.P., Krenzer M.J., Bukow H., Kramida A.E., 1997, Physica Scripta 55, 654
	52 -	Biemont E., Johansson S., Palmeri P., 1997, Physica Scripta 55, 559
	53 -	Palmeri P., Biemont E., Quinet P., Dembczynski J., Szawiola G., Kurucz R.L., 1997, Physica Scripta 55, 586
	54 -	Kramida A.E., Ivanov I.A., 1997, Physica Scripta 56, 264
	55 -	Ekberg J.O., 1997, Physica Scripta 56, 141
	56 -	Jupén C., Litzén U., Traebert E., 1996, Physica Scripta 53, 139
	57 -	Azarov V.I., Podobedova L.I., Ryabtsev A.N., 1996, Physica Scripta 53, 398
	58 -	Bredice F., Gallardo M., Reyna Almandos J.G., Trigueiros A.G., Pagan C.J.B., 1995, Physica Scripta 51, 446
	59 -	Quinet P., Palmeri P., Biemont E., 1994, Physica Scripta 49, 436
	60 -	Bengtsson P., Engström L., Jupén C., 1994, Physica Scripta 49, 297
	61 -	Nave G., Johansson S., Learner R.C.M., Thorne A.P., Brault J.W., 1994, ApJS 94, 221
	62 -	Myrnaes R., Jupén C., Miecznik G., Martinson I., Denne-Hinnov B., 1994, Physica Scripta 49, 429
	63 -	Bengtsson P., Jupén C., Engström L., Redfors A., Westerlind M., 1993, Physica Scripta 48, 413
	64 -	Raineri M., Bredice F., Gallardo M., Reyna Almandos J.G., Pagan C.J.B., Trigueiros A.G., 1992, Physica Scripta 45, 584
	65 -	Rosberg M., Johansson S., 1992, Physica Scripta 45, 590
	66 -	Minnhagen L., 1973, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63, 1185
	67 -	Minnhagen L., 1971, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 1257
	68 -	Whaling W., Anderson W.H.C., Carle M.T., Brault J.W., Zarem H.A., 1995, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 53, 1
	69 -	Hansen J.E., Persson W., 1987, J. Phys. B 20, 693
	70 -	Quinet P., 1998, A&AS 129, 603
	71 -	Pickering J.C., Thorne A.P., 1996, ApJS 107, 761
	72 -	Pickering J.C., Raassen A.J.J., Uylings P.H.M., 1998, ApJS 117, 261
	73 -	Pickering J.C., 1998, Physica Scripta 58, 457
	74 -	Redfors A., Litzén U., 1989, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 1447
	75 -	Schoenfeld W.G., Chang E.S., Geller M., Johansson S., Nave G., Sauval A.J., Grevesse N., 1995, A&A, 301, 593
	76 -	Wang M., O'Reilly F., Dunne P., Arnesen A., Heijkenskjöld F., Hallin R., O'Sullivan G., 1997, J. Phys. B 30, 4175
	77 -	Wang M., Faulkner R., O'Reilly F., Manrique J., Arnesen A., Duffy G., Dunne P., Hallin R., Heijkenskjöld F., O'Sullivan G., 1999, J. Phys. B 32, 5299
	78 -	Jupén C., Meigs A., von Hellermann M., Morsi H.W., Beringer M., Mannervik S., Martinson I., 2001, Physica Scripta 64, 566
	79 -	van Hoof P.A.M., Calculated using polarization formula
	80 -	Azarov V.I., Tchang-Brillet W.-U.L., Wyart J.-F., Launay F., Benharrous M., 2001, Physica Scripta 63, 438
	81 -	Atomic Physics Theory Group, Universiteit van Amsterdam, UvA spectral database
	82 -	Reyna Almandos J.G., Bredice F., Raineri M., Gallardo M., Trigueiros A.G., 1998, J. Phys. B 31, 3129
	83 -	Joshi Y.N., Budhiraja C.J., 1971, Can. J. Phys. 49, 670
	84 -	van Hoof P.A.M., Ritz extrapolation
	85 -	Churilov S.S., Joshi Y.N., 1996, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 11
	86 -	Ekberg J.O., 1975, Physica Scripta 12, 42
	87 -	Borgström A., 1971, Physica Scripta 3, 157
	88 -	Holmström J.-E., Johansson L., 1969, Ark. Fys. 40, 133
	89 -	Huldt S., Johansson S., Litzén U., Wyart J.-F., 1982, Physica Scripta 25, 401
	90 -	Ekberg J.O., Engström L., 1982, Physica Scripta 25, 611
	91 -	Kramida A., Brown C.M., Feldman U., Reader J., 2012, Physica Scripta 85, 025303
	92 -	Kramida A.E., Bastin T., Biémont E., Dumont P.-D., Garnir H.-P., 1999, Eur. Phys. J. D 7, 525
	93 -	Ekberg J.O., 1993, A&AS 101, 1
	94 -	Nave G., Johansson S., 2013, ApJS 204, 1
	95 -	Litzén U., Brault J.W., Thorne A.P., 1993, Physica Scripta 47, 628
	96 -	Gayasov R.R., Ryabtsev A.N., 1992, Physica Scripta 45, 322
	97 -	Dick K.A., 1968, Can. J. Phys. 46, 1291
	98 -	Sugar J., Musgrove A., 1995, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24, 1803
	99 -	Sugar J., Musgrove A., 1990, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 527
	100 -	Shenstone A.G., 1970, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 74A, 801 (errata: Shenstone A.G., 1971, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 75A, 335)
	101 -	Brault J.W., Litzén U., 1983, Physica Scripta 28, 475
	102 -	Sugar J., Corliss C., 1985, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, Suppl. 2, 1
	103 -	Sugar J., Martin W.C., 1976, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 80A, 465
	104 -	Shenstone A.G., 1975, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 79A, 497
	105 -	Raassen A.J.J., Pickering J.C., Uylings P.H.M., 1998, A&AS 130, 541
	106 -	García-Riquelme O., Rico F.R., 1992, Physica Scripta 45, 212
	107 -	Shenstone A.G., 1948, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, 241, 297
	108 -	Tondello G., 1973, JOSA 63, 346
	109 -	Longmire M.S., Brown C.M., Ginter M.L., 1980, JOSA 70, 423
	110 -	Baig M.A., Hanif M., Bhatti S.A., Hormes J., 1997, J. Phys. B 30, 5381
	111 -	Civiš S., Matulková I., Cihelka J., Kubelík P., Kawaguchi K., Chernov V.E., 2011, J. Phys. B 44, 105002
	112 -	Morton D.C., Wu Q., Drake G.W.F., 2006, Can. J. Phys. 84, 83
	113 -	Martin W.C., 1973, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2, 257
	114 -	Tech J.L., Ward J.F., 1971, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 367
	115 -	Churilov S.S., Levashov V.E., 1993, Physica Scripta 48, 425
	116 -	Edlén B., 1936, Zeit. Phys. 103, 536
	117 -	Fawcett B.C., Cowan R.D., Hayes R.W., 1972, J. Phys. B 5, 2143
	118 -	Biémont E., Frémat Y., Quinet P., 1999, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 71, 117
	119 -	Pryce M.H.L., 1964, ApJ 140, 1192
	120 -	Hallin R., 1966, Ark. Fys. 31, 511
	121 -	Tilford S.G., 1963, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 1051
	122 -	Edlén B., 1979, Phys. Scr. 19, 255
	123 -	Garnir H.P., Baudinet-Robinet Y., Dumont P.-D., Träbert E., Heckmann P.H., 1988, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 31, 161
	124 -	Clear C.P., Pickering J.C., Nave G., Uylings P., Raassen T., 2022, ApJS 261, 35
	125 -	Saloman E.B., 2012, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 41, 043103
	126 -	Connerade J.P., Baig M.A., Newsom G.H., 1981, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 378, 445
	127 -	Huber M.C.E., Sandeman R.J., Tubbs E.F., 1975, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 342, 431
	128 -	Sansonetti C.J., Nave G., 2014, ApJS 213, 28
	129 -	Ekberg J.O., 1975, Physica Scripta 11, 23
	130 -	Gharaibeh M.F., Aguilar A., Covington A.M., Emmons E.D., Scully S.W.J., Phaneuf R.A., Müller A., Bozek J.D., Kilcoyne A.L.D., Schlachter A.S., Àlvarez I., Cisneros C., Hinojosa G., 2011, Phys. Rev. A 83, 043412

The transition probabilities included in the line list were taken from the following sources:

	1 -	van Hoof P.A.M., calculated using Coulomb theory
	2 -	van Hoof P.A.M., M1 transition probabilities calculated assuming perfect LS coupling
	3 -	The Opacity Project, 1998, obtained using TOPBASE version 0.6
	4 -	Kramida A., Ralchenko Yu., Reader J., and NIST ASD Team (2020). NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.8)
	5 -	Kurucz R.L., 1998, Semiempirical calculation of gf values for all elements
	6 -	Seaton M.J., 1998, J. Phys. B, 31, 5315
	7 -	Fischer C.F., et al., MCHF/MCDHF Database
	8 -	Fischer C.F., Saparov M., Gaiagalas G., Godefroid M., 1998, ADNDT 70, 119 (ab initio)
	9 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 1999, J. Phys. B 32, 5805 (ab initio)
	10 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2000, J. Phys. B 33, 2419 (ab initio)
	11 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2001, Can. J. Phys. 79, 955 (ab initio)
	12 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2001, Can. J. Phys. 79, 955 (energy adjusted)
	13 -	Zatsarinny O., Fischer C.F., 2002, J. Phys. B 35, 4669 (ab initio)
	14 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2002, A&A 385, 716 (ab initio)
	15 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2002, A&A 385, 716 (energy adjusted)
	16 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2002, MCHF/MCDHF Database (ab initio)
	17 -	Tachiev G., Fischer C.F., 2002, MCHF/MCDHF Database (energy adjusted)
	18 -	Fischer C.F., MCHF/MCDHF Database (ab initio)
	19 -	Fischer C.F., MCHF/MCDHF Database (ab initio)
	20 -	Zou Y., Fischer C.F., 2000, Phys. Rev A 62, 062505, and 2001, J. Phys. B 34, 915 (ab initio)
	21 -	Irimia A., Fischer C.F., 2004, J. Phys. B 37, 1659, and 2005, Physica Scripta 71, 172 (ab initio)
	22 -	Irimia A., Fischer C.F., 2004, J. Phys. B 37, 1659, and 2005, Physica Scripta 71, 172 (energy adjusted)
	23 -	Fischer C.F., Rubin R.H., Rodríguez M., 2008, MNRAS 391, 1828 (energy adjusted)
	24 -	Sochi T., 2010, arXiv:1011.4670 (using the 26-term target data)
	25 -	Quinet P., 1996, A&AS 116, 573
	26 -	Atomic Physics Theory Group, Universiteit van Amsterdam, UvA spectral database
	27 -	Nahar S.N., Pradhan A.K., 1996, A&AS 119, 509
	28 -	Goldwire H.C., Jr., 1968, ApJS 17, 445
	29 -	Kisielius R., Kulkarni V.P., Ferland G.J., Bogdanovich P., Som D., Lykins M.L., 2015, ApJ 804, 76
	30 -	Kurucz R.L., 2012, Second generation of semiempirical gf values
	31 -	Drake G.W.F., Morton D.C., 2007, ApJS 170, 251